No child left behind Essay

No Child Is Left Behind (NCLB) is a government state demonstration of 2001 which was proposed by the then president, George W. Shrub following being introduced in to the White House. This lawful structure was planned for guaranteeing that the essential and auxiliary training framework was improved by upholding for expanded responsibility and straightforwardness in its administration. It further centered around the instruction framework expanded the adaptability on how guardians can pick the learning foundation their kin will join in. This paper gives a wide outline of the demonstration and it incorporates its history, scope, player included difficulties, among different issues. Brief conversation of the important history The law was wrote by John Boehner and Judd Gregg, an agent and a congressperson individually from the Republican Party and George mill operator and Edward Kennedy, a representative separately from the Democratic Party. It was then marked by G. W. Shrubbery. Close to targeting improving the exhibition essential and auxiliary training and expanding responsibility, improved the emphasis on perusing and re-wrote the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Act. The demonstration was presented in the 107th congress whereby it was passed in the House of Representatives and US senate on 2001, May 23rd and 2004, June fourteenth separately. It was later marked in to law on 2002, January eighth. Degree The demonstration was brought to the lime light after acknowledgment the nature of the instruction being offered was legitimately influencing the understudies, guardians and all the residents on the loose. At the worldwide level, since the world was turning into a worldwide town because of globalization, the nature of training expected to improved since a considerable lot of the Americans’ youngsters had little expectation later on because of significant levels of ignorance and low confidence (self uncertainty). The demonstration was of principal embodiment since the US, the world biggest economy expected to deliver learned people that would change America and the globe on the loose. Setting (chronicled, political, monetary, social) At the time George W. Hedge presented this diagram, he noticed that however the American was entering the 21st century with a great deal of guarantee and expectation, a considerable lot of the youngsters who needed training backing and help were being overlooked and along these lines left around. 70% of the fourth graders dwelling in the downtown couldn't peruse or even pass the national perusing preliminary which included the basic degree of training. The senior secondary school understudy in different pieces of the world, South Africa and Cyprus to be explicit perform ineffectively on the worldwide arithmetic test. Right around a 1/3 of the school first year recruits of American inception take mandatory healing courses preceding starting the ordinary school level courses It is the obligation of the guardians, state and all the residents to guarantee that quality instruction is ensured for all the American youngsters so as to have a splendid future. This has not been the situation and the United Sates Federal Government is to be accused for excusing the poor outcomes and neglecting to address the disappointment in the instruction framework. The government has controlled the Americans, schools since through instruction strategies since 1965 when the principal significant activity on the basic â€secondary was embraced. From that point forward the government has built up such huge numbers of projects/ventures outfitted towards assistance of value training. A significant disadvantage for these projects is that the outcomes have not been investigated to assess whether the projects accomplish their targets or not. Another factor for the disappointment of the projects is that they are figured by the congress and local people are not counseled, accordingly, neighborhood populace instruction needs are not tended to. There have been programs that are figured for each and every training project and this had prompted a heap of projects over the government states. These projects cost the national government hundred billions every year except nature of training then again has been falling since the goals are not being figured it out. This has come about to a wide and an expanding hole between the rich and the poor in America. Confronted with this predicament, a few residents have recommended that the central government ought not be included the training segment. Another extent of the populace recommends that the new projects ought to be added to the old instruction framework. , the government was thusly required to think of compelling projects and tasks which would reestablish trust in to the American training framework. After a braining search of the best alternative, the national government thought of the No Child is Left Behind strategy which would change the American instruction framework. During the marking of the bill, the then US president, George W. Hedge said; We’ve got enormous difficulties here in America. There’s no more noteworthy test than to ensure that each youngster †and we all on this stage mean each kid, not only a couple of kids, each and every kid, paying little mind to where they live, how they’re raised, the pay level of their family, every kid get a top of the line training in America. People/organizations included including a conversation of the significant chiefs The No Child is Left Behind strategy would include various gatherings so as to change the American instruction framework, these substances incorporate; o The educators o The guardians o The neighborhood residents o The government The instructors will be associated with guaranteeing the No Child is Left Behind arrangement work. They will be prepared to improve their quality. The schools that will perform well will be remunerated while those not accomplishing the normal outcomes will be endorsed. The national government is relied upon to subsidize the preparation of teachers and improve the schools as a rule. The guardians are required to screen the presentation of their youngsters and simultaneously get to more data concerning the exhibition of his/her kid from the school organization. Extra subsidizes will be given to the state and locale schools by so they can turn out to be progressively adaptable. The nearby society is required to guarantee that it give a helpful learning condition so the understudies can use their capability to the best of their capacity (Hammond 2007). Significant partners included (who the strategy/issue influences, who has an enthusiasm for the arrangement) Among the significant partners who will be included and will be influenced by the NCLB will incorporate the understudies, the educators, parent, the neighborhood specialists and the government. The instructors will be required to assume a pivotal job in guaranteeing that the hole between poor people and rich is shut by guaranteeing that they keep up elevated requirements and responsibility, offering yearly scholarly appraisal to kids which will at that point be assessed by the guardians. The educators are additionally required to give perusing a need. The guardians are relied upon to work intimately with the educators so they can aid progress of the youngsters instruction. The parents’ adaptability and alternative for schools will likewise increment. The neighborhood specialists are relied upon to ensure the educator insurance, advance school security, salvage the schools from the schools that are undependable and advocate for character training. o The central government is relied upon to give assets and prize to the well performing schools and states as far as responsibility and straightforwardness. The administration will likewise give the instructors a few activities like assessment conclusion so as to advance their exhibition. The job open overseers play in the arrangement/issue The open oversees are relied upon to guarantee that the assets gave by the central government are used in the most effective was conceivable while simultaneously verifying that they arrive at the focused on elements. The open chairmen are additionally expected to assess the exhibition of the school. They ought to likewise offer criticism to the government on issue concerning the adequacy of the No Child is Left Behind strategy in meeting the scholastic needs of the American individuals (Samier, et, al, 2008). Strategy options and arrangements Currently this is the best instruction program that has been figured in the US. Appropriate execution of the program will guarantee that it gets immaculate since it will be assessed every once in a while. Restorative measure will be set up to guarantee that the normal outcomes are accomplished. Difficulties confronting strategy usage and arrangement The approach is confronted with various difficulties preceding its execution. One of significant pundit is on the utilization of norms to check the presentation of the states and schools. The schools or each state can bring down their norms with the goal that they cam indicate to have improved in their exhibition. This is on the grounds that each state has the ability to set its own principles. This implies the motivating forces and punishments (sanctions) gave by the legislature would wind up on the hand of wrong people. This issue in this way calls for normalization of the assessment if at all there is a desire for right fair-minded outcomes (Uzzell (2005). The utilization of normalized inside states decreased the nature of training since the educators â€Å"teach the test† to guarantee that the understudies performs well in the schools. They, instructors, just show the regions that are required to be tried in the last standard tests. The state administered tests are additionally against Individuals With Disabilities Education Act. The tests have likewise been censured of advancing social inclination since various culture esteem certain aptitudes than others. To stay away from this sort of inclination, the arrangement of government sanctioned test ought to be reconsidered top to bottom and a maintainable standard set up (Abernathy 2007). The issue of offering motivators to the schools performing ineffectively empowers the schools to keep performing inadequately. The schools that are compensated subsequent to performing admirably in the

Online Dating free essay sample

A lot of Fish Internet dating is one of the most well known approaches to meet the perfect individual for a relationship. These sites are to assist an individual with getting to know each other with meeting and conceivably dating. Dating sites offer two individuals an opportunity to become acquainted with each other without the total information on what the other individual resembles, and makes the science couples requirement for a relationship without glances disrupting the general flow. Web based dating likewise takes into account individuals to become more acquainted with others without leaving the solace of their own home. Not exclusively is internet dating ordinary, it’s modest and even at times free. The measure of individuals accessible for one to meet is unending. You can peruse a profile and surprisingly fast talk with that potential admirer. Be that as it may, there are drawbacks in free web based dating. Free methods anybody can approach joining. We will compose a custom article test on Web based Dating or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page There are numerous individuals out there that are eager to adulterate their goals when joining these free locales. A lot of fish for example â€Å"is one of the world’s biggest free dating locales. At present they have in excess of 10 million enrolled individuals, fundamentally from the United States. † (dating site surveys. com) With more than 10 million daters, what number of could truly be searching for that genuine love? Truly Pof has highlights like private informing, im, and science coordinating, yet with no expense, there is no hindrance for making an enrollment. This can mean trick specialists, wedded people or individuals searching for only a snare â€up. â€Å"Plenty of fish dating gatherings are a spot to meet single and get dating guidance of offer dating encounters etc.Hopefully you will have a fabulous time meeting singles and evaluate this web based dating thing†¦ Remember that we are the biggest 100% free internet dating administration, so youll never need to pay a dime to meet your perfect partner. † (Marcus, maker of pof) 25,000 New Singles Per Day! Username: Password: Email: Confirm Email: Gender: Birthdate: , Country: Ethnicity: Enter LET TERS showed under Circles from above: I Agree to the terms of administration: Over 30 Million Registered Singles! 1. With more than 145 Million month to month guests Plentyoffish is by a long shot the market chief in online dating.You won't locate whatever other webpage that has more singles hoping to meet new individuals. 2. In the wake of taking our Chemistry Test we coordinate you with characters that lead to dependable stable connections. We coordinate you with daters that will meet your enthusiastic needs. 3. Find Your Relationship Needs. We will mention to you what you need in a relationship, where you messed up (with out knowing it) in past connections and an altered activity intend to make your next relationship effective. We will likewise give you 33 points to talk about that are significant for long haul success.This is a unique relationship instructing that you wont discover anyplace else! 4. This internet dating website has been on magazine covers highlighted in the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, The Today Show, CNN, FOX and several others. In any case, by far most of singles catch wind of us on the grounds that their companions have had a great encounter utilizing our dating administration. 5. Would you like to be with somebody? Would you like to discover your perfect partner? Consider it, what other place are you going to discover a great many singles across the board place searching for someone?If you are not kidding about finding a relationship you ought to Signup Now and discover your perfect partner !! A lot of fish includes a profile with an image, client data, sexual orientation, nation and ethnicity. The client can place in their area, the sexual orientation and physical characteristics they are keen on, just as their physical appearance to help locate a potential match. This website provides may approaches to discover the individual you are searching for, these incorporate however not constrained to; relationship type, relationship status, what you are searching for, religion and language.Even with every one of these choices, an individual can at present discover individuals that lie, have an awful demeanor, dependent on web based dating destinations, or are shallow disapproved. In the wake of perusing numerous surveys and having encountered Pof myself, I have inferred that it is a decent spot to meet individuals and have some good times, yet that numerous individuals are not who they state they are and additionally not searching for anything genuine. As a companion once said to me â€Å"Plenty of fish is a decent spot for a single night rendezvous, individuals on there are not genuine. This site is unmistakably minimal in excess of a sex site.Given the measure of time and exertion and low reaction rates on his site for what reason would a person even be on there except if he was fundamentally pursuing sex? † (Lindsey Miller) She gave me this discourse after I disclosed to her I was giving it a shot. I have inferred that this free dating site permits people to utilize Plenty of fish basically for simply dating and not genuine connections. This site is certifiably not a decent spot of value dates, just amount dates. In the event that you do decided to utilize a web based dating administration, picked the destinations that you need to put cash in it. At the point when an individual needs to put cash in something, they will put a greater amount of themselves in it as well.

Specific Population and the Advocate Role

Explicit Population and the Advocate Role Explicit Population and the Advocate RoleMonique ConeBSHS442March 21, 2011Mary Beth BovaSpecific Population and the Advocate Role Promoter Role PAGE 1 Advocate Role PAGE 2Specific Population and the Advocate RoleMonique ConeBSHS442March 21, 2011Mary Beth BovaSpecific Population and the Advocate RoleDivorce mother attempting to get full guardianship for her youngster and needing the house. This mother needs an assistance from an Advocate. As an Advocate they must help and battle for the customer. The promoter should be the separation mother voice. In this paper, I will show the job of the supporter for this extraordinary populace group.As a backer we need to ensure we tune in to everything the customer needs cautiously. To ensure we get every one of their needs and needs. Supporter needs to instruct the customer on the issue of separation and youngster guardianship. As a promoter we host to haggle with all gatherings, including the ex-husband.Going Down (album)We need to ensure that all offices the customer is working with are following up on all the guarantees they gave the customer. It is the promoter employme nt to ensure everything is going smooth and is set up. We need to ensure that we implement the customer rights (Barsky, 2007).Advocate needs to likewise set up a brief for the customer and give a declaration for chiefs. Supporter need to ensure they focus on the customers request and bolster them. Promoter will likewise speak to a customer if there's a meeting or court hearing. We could likewise put out an uplifting demeanor to the network about our customer to counter negative generalizations. As a promoter we can likewise enable our customer to be a supporter all alone carries on. We can assist them with defining up a decent objective. Teach the customer about the...

Human Behaviour Decision-Making Platform Assignment - 275 Words

Human Behaviour: Decision-Making Platform Assignment (Research Paper Sample) Content: [First name Last name][Instructors Name][Course Number]DATE \@ "d MMMM yyyy" 11 November 2016Ethical ReasoningEthical reasoning is a common thing heavily emphasized in each and every decision-making platform. In any future-oriented business, technology is a priority, and to ensure the technology is one that is beneficial, ethical reasoning must be present. This is so as to ensure that through the technology, the business is able to meet the needs of all its investors, the performance is kept at its highest level, the statutory requirements are adhered to and errors are eradicated. What makes it difficult for businesses to forego ethical reasoning when dealing with technology? One, selfish approaches where one wants his or her opinion only recognized and second, pressure from rivals which makes the company to jump into conclusions in an attempt to have a fast win over the competitors. Cultural differences; where the companys cultures does not match with the decision ma kers cultures and ideological differences; where opinions and ideas argue against each other, are also contributors to foregoing ethical reasoning. (Lawrence Weber, 2012)Germline gene therapy, being one of the most potential advanced genetic technology, has been on debate as to whether it should be developed or not with different parties concerned being in argument. It comes with its pros and cons which rates whether it is fit to be executed or not. Going through a list of the pros, include; the potential to eradicate disease by aiding in replacement of disease-prone cells with new healthy ones (The cons include; it may not be affordable to all as genetic alterations are normally expensive, disorders if errors ...

A Compare and Contrast of Horror and Science...

The good thing about films is that we not only have the opportunity to choose from a wide selection of different genres, but also compare them and understand their purpose in the world. The Horror genre has used the basic principles throughout time, and as a result, films of this type have not proven to be as timeless as another genre: Science Fiction/Fantasy. At first, these two genres might at times seem similar as they have at several occasions been blended together, but their basic, common theme serves different meanings about humans. I shall compare and contrast these two genres and focus on both classic films and modern films. From the Horror genre perspective I shall discuss Psycho (1960) and The Mist (2007), while in the Science Fiction/Fantasy genre I will examine 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), Pan’s Labyrinth (2006), and Serenity (2005). Although the Science Fiction/Fantasy genre and the Horror Genre share some similarities, the differences lie in their focus on human progress. The genres relationship lies in the danger of human lives in an unfamiliar milieu. There is a threat to the lives of the characters whose fear and danger is a common element. The source of this can be from both humans and imaginary monsters. The horror films Psycho and The Mist both have humans as the real threat to the main characters. Schizophrenic Norman Bates in Psycho is a heinous, disturbed killer who dresses up in woman’s clothes when he is about to kill someone. The danger is firstShow MoreRelatedHitchcocks Film Psycho Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesHitchcocks Film Psycho Ever since the first horror movies were produced they have attracted huge audiences seeking to be scared, chilled and thrilled. 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In contemporary film womens roles in films have varied quiet considerably between genres, geographical placement, and between period settings. These factors contribute to the different representations of womens roles in the film they are present in. These roles are diverse going from the traditional maternal role to that of manipulative murderer. In contemporary media these roles are given higher statusRead MoreSeminar: Literary Theory Applied to H.P. Lovecraft-Notably â€Å"the Beast in the Cave†6821 Words   |  28 Pagesever expanding under artists and authors inspired by the atheist views presented in the genre weird fiction in which Lovecraft is the crowned proprietor. â€Å"The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown.† Is the quintessential element in understanding the works of H.P. Lovecraft in his own the words (Lovecraft, H. P. Supernatural Horror in Literature). Even when wrote with such debatable simplicity, it is an excellent self-descriptionRead MoreEssay on The Media Violence Debate3490 Words   |  14 Pagesnetworks to think of more programs – the weirder, the better because people had the tendency to watch reality programs that exude the abnormal. Moreover, these reality shows that feature people who have no talent at all, such as MTV’s hit Jersey Shore, contrast to wholesome programs in the past and yes, some modern ones, that showcase celebrities with real talents or programs that are worth our precious time. Marshall McLuhan is not known by many but to those who are into the field of media, heRead More The Japanese Entertainment Industry Essay4213 Words   |  17 Pagesproduce animation for a sophisticated audience. Osamu Tezuka adapted comics, the most popular form of entertainment in Japan, to his animation. â€Å"Tezuka was a creative dynamo whose comics tackled nearly every possible subject: science fiction, action/adventure, romance, horror, and adult drama, creating a readership which encompassed nearly every possible age group† (Ledoux, 2). When he began producing animation, it too was varied in subject matter. Keeping with Tezuka’s creative process, nearly allRead MoreReview Of The Sidekick By Edgar Allan Poe4140 Words   |  17 Pagesclassification. A noteworthy contrast between Doyle s investigator stories and Poe s is Doyle s consideration of a sidekick character to help Sherlock Holmes in his adventures. The sidekick has become a fundamental segment of numerous literary, social, and cinematic detective crime fictions. The rising popularity of crime fiction through the Golden Age into the late 19th and early 20th century, has contributed to the sidekick turning into a fundamental element of this genre. Modern depictions of theRead MoreFrankenstein Study Guide14107 Words   |  57 PagesTHE GLENCOE LITERATURE LIBRARY Study Guide for Frankenstein by Mary Shelley i To the Teachern The Glencoe Literature Library presents full-length novels and plays bound together with shorter selections of various genres that relate by theme or topic to the main reading. Each work in the Library has a two-part Study Guide that contains a variety of resources for both you and your students. Use the Guide to plan your instruction of the work and enrich your classroom presentations. InRead MoreEssay on Buffy the Vampire Slayer5067 Words   |  21 PagesBuffy the Vampire Slayer Mentors feature prominently in the Gothic genre. From Dr Van Helsing in Bram Stokers Dracula, who leads the young heroes into their quest to annihilate the Count, to Rupert Giles, the Watcher in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, older and more experienced adults have provided essential guidance for the younger protagonists of the genre. The differences in media of expression and the subsequent adaptations from novel to television series has not affected the presence of thisRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagess Essais sur la signification au cinema, volume 1, was published by Editions Klincksieck in 1971,  © Editions Klincksieck, 1968. ÃŽËœThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. To George Blin, Profesor at the Collà ¨ge de France, whithout whom none of these pages would have been started. CONTENTS A Note on the Translation by Bertrand Augst, ix Preface

Human Trafficking is Slavery Essay - 1605 Words

In this essay, the history of human trafficking will be examined, followed by who is affected by trafficking. Next the scope and types of exploitation will be discussed. Human trafficking is an issue that affects countries all over the world. Governments have made an effort to curb trafficking, however these efforts have been very narrowly focused. American ignorance has led to poor handling of the issues by policy makers. Finally the essay will discuss a proposed solution and set some goals for society to work on in the future. When examining the traditional definition of slavery, it focuses on one human being taking ownership of another. Traditionally slaves were transported by lengthy sea voyages. However, with advancements in†¦show more content†¦The remaining twenty five percent end up used for a combination of sex and labor trafficking, or are used in some other unknown trafficking operation. Victims of commercial sexual exploitation are comprised of roughly ninety eight percent women and the remaining two percent are men and boys. However, children make up somewhere between 40 to 50 percent of the individuals involved in forced labor (Hepburn and Simon 2). Modern day slavery is far more profitable than slavery has been historically. This increase in profitability is due to the cost of exploiting a slave being miniscule in comparison to immense profits that a criminal can reap. The low risk involved for slave exploiters coupled with paltry conviction rates, has been a key factor in driving the tremendous demand for new slaves (Kara 69). It is astonishing to note that worldwide profits for human trafficking organizations exceed $44.3 billion annually (Hepburn and Simon 2). While the majority of sex trafficking victims are typically runaway or thrown-away youths, many other victims get involved in prostitution out of desperation to get things they need or want, like drugs or money (Walker-Rodriguez and Hill 2). Despite the news media’s constant focus on sex trafficking, there are other types of trafficking that occur outside the sex industry (Uy 209). For example, many boys are trafficked at a young age into the Middle East to be camel jockeys; disabled individualsShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking and Slavery880 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Trafficking and Slavery: Are the World’s Nations Doing Enough s to Stamp It Out? Slavery has existed since the beginning of human evolution (CQ Researcher 2010). The Civil War ended slavery in the United States in 1865. Worldwide slavery was prohibited during the late 1920’s. Although slavery is prohibited, millions of victims are forced into captivity. Victims are often kidnapped and forced into a lifetime of servitude and prostitution. Other victims of slavery are lured by the promise ofRead MoreSlavery and Human Trafficking2330 Words   |  10 Pages Slavery used to be obvious. Before it was abolished by the 13th Amendment, having ownership of other human beings was common and widely accepted. Though abolitionists at the time were opposed to slavery, they were not surprised by it. Today, however, many people would be surprised to know that slavery still exists, even in the United States. The elusive trade for sex slaves is hiding in brothels and hotels in every city. It hides at truck stops, residential houses, sporting events, and even onlineRead Mor eSlavery Vs Human Trafficking1572 Words   |  7 Pages Slavery still exists currently in contemporary society, but present-day slavery differs from the one centuries ago. Human trafficking is a type of slavery in modern society that involves the use of coercion or fraud to control victims into performing activities while ignoring the victim’s consent. Human trafficking has many misconceptions such as only women and children are victims or sex trafficking is the same as human trafficking. People are tricked by traffickers because of their manipulativeRead MoreHuman Trafficking: Slavery Today 1404 Words   |  6 Pagesservice professionals work to address the problem of human trafficking in a number of ways. Social workers are unique in their approach to this issue because they can address it from a number of angles. For example, social workers concentrate on both the individual victim as well as their social and economic situation which distinguishes it from other professions such as counseling (Palmer, 2010). Social workers meet the needs of human trafficking victims according to the principles outlined in theRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is The Modern Slavery1415 Words   |  6 Pages When forced into sex trafficking statistics state that 67 percent of prisoners are forced into labor, 55 percent are women and girls, and 26 percent are children that endure the conditions and harshness of this generation s modern slavery. Human trafficking is the modern slavery throughout the globe and 27,000 cases have been reported to the NHTRC hotline in the last eight years alone (Human Trafficking). Human trafficking is of all ages, all genders, and anyone can be forced into the labor. ThereRead MoreModern Slavery : Human Trafficking1204 Words   |  5 PagesOur nation has had many encounters with the world’s most horrifying phenomenon, modern slavery, also known as human trafficking. Modern slavery consists of people being taken away by force or unknowingly of the situation to become exploited in many ways no matter the age, ethnicity, or color of the skin (DEF). Not only has it become a disgusting wicked disease but, it has taken over the country’s freedom. We as people living in the United States are guaranteed â€Å"freedom†, which isn’t true in the absoluteRead MoreHuman Trafficking, the Modern Slavery1034 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Perspectives Essay #2 Human Trafficking Causes and Effects Human Trafficking, The Modern Slavery Introduction Human trafficking is a big problem all around the world. Every year, thousands of men, women and children are kidnapped by traffickers, and forced into sexual exploitation and slavery. In this essay, I will talk about the causes of human trafficking and what effects it has on the victims, families, and society. Causes The cause of human trafficking is mainly the organizedRead MoreSex Slavery And Human Trafficking2202 Words   |  9 Pages Sex Slavery and Human Trafficking in Nigeria Ramapo College of New Jersey Kaitlyn Cestaro Human Trafficking is defined in article 3, paragraph (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receivingRead MoreModern Day Slavery: Human Trafficking 866 Words   |  4 PagesBlood Borne Connections.) Human trafficking is the modern day slavery, it involves taking control over a person through force, fraud or coercion to exploit the victim for forced labor, sexual exploitation. or both (â€Å"What† par.1). This is become the sad reality for many, approximately three out of every 1,000 people worldwide are being forced into this such slavery. Victims of human trafficking are people of all backgrounds and ages, no one is safe from the dirty hands of human traffickers. E very yearRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Form Of Modern Slavery906 Words   |  4 Pages Human Trafficking Have you ever heard about human trafficking? Some people would say that human trafficking is no more in this world because now everyone become educated they themselves became victim. Others would say that human trafficking is illegal business, human being sale human being. Even I did not believe that human trafficking was here in the United States, but human trafficking was all over the world. â€Å"Trafficking in human beings is a dressing phenomenon

Safeguarding short questions free essay sample

Assignmemt 204 CI – Explain what a social worker must do if they become aware of unsafe practice. †¢ As soon as a social worker becomes aware of unsafe practice they must report it to their line manager or someone in charge immediately. Everything must be documented with dates/times and signed. Corrective measures should be sorted as soon as realistically possible. CII – Describe what a social worker must do if unsafe practice is reported but nothing is done to ensure it is corrected. †¢ The care worker should report to someone in a higher position, or to a higher/different organisation. Making sure every detail is written down with dates/times and signed. CIII – Describe three factors that may make individuals more vulnerable to abuse than others. †¢ Individual circumstance: Someone who is suffering from mental/physical health issues. †¢ Workplace: Workplace may have a lack of trained staff, to few staff, work pressure. †¢ Low self esteem: May lead to someone using power to abuse, being bullied. We will write a custom essay sample on Safeguarding short questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page CIV – Explain how adopting a person centered approach which offers choices and upholds rights can empower an individual and help to reduce the likelihood of abuse. †¢ Promoting choices and rights will cause understanding between individuals. Respect and tolerance can be firmed which can reduce abuse. CV – Explain how encouraging and promoting active participation can help to reduce the likelihood of abuse. †¢ Treat each individual with respect, dignity and compassion. Respect their views and choices. This can help gain self esteem and realize values, rights and the power to protect them from abuse. CVI – Explain how an effective and easy to use complaints procedure can help to reduce the likelihood of abuse. †¢ With easy to access complaints systems someone wanting to report abuse isn  much more likely to do so, in which may deter abuse, but if making a complaint is hard people will be less likely to report it, which will male abuse easier to get away with.

L.L. Bean Item forecasting case study Essay Example

L.L. Bean Item forecasting case study Paper Harvard Business School 9-893-003 Rev. September 7, 1993 L. L. Bean, Inc. Item Forecasting and Inventory Management When you order an item from an L. L. Bean catalog and were out of stock, Im the guy to blame. And if we end up liquidating a bunch of womens wool cashmere blazers, its my fault. No one understands how tough it is. Mark Fasold, Vice President† Inventory Management, was describing the challenge of item forecasting at L. L. Bean. Forecasting demand at the aggregate level is a piece of cake†if were running short of expectations, we Just dip deeper into our customer list and send out some more atalogs. But we have to decide how many chamois shirts and how many chino trousers to buy, and if were too high on one and too low on the other, its no solace to know that we were exactly right on the average. Top management understands this in principle, but they are understandably disturbed that errors at the item level are so large. In a catalog business like ours, you really capture demand. Thats the good news. The bad news is, you learn what a lousy Job youre doing trying to match demand with supply. Its not like that in a department store, say, where a customer ay come in looking for a dress shirt and lets the display of available shirts generate the demand for a particular item. Or if a customer has some particular item in mind but its not available, he or she may Just walk out of the store. In a department store you never know the real demand or the consequences of understocking. But in our business every sale is generated by a customer demanding a particular item, either by mail or by phone. If we havent got it, and the customer cancels the order, we know it. Rol Fessenden, Manager†Inventory Systems, added: We know that forecast errors are inevitable. Competition, the economy, weather are all factors. But demand at the item level is also affected by customer behavior, which is very hard to predict, or even to explain in retrospect. Every so often some item takes off and becomes a runaway, far exceeding our demand forecasts. Once in a while we can detect the trend early on and, with a cooperative vendor, get more product manufactured in a hurry and chase demand; most of the time, however, the runaways leave us Just turning customers away. We will write a custom essay sample on L.L. Bean Item forecasting case study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on L.L. Bean Item forecasting case study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on L.L. Bean Item forecasting case study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And for every runaway, theres a dog item that sells way below expectations and that you couldnt even give away to customers. Annual costs of lost sales and backorders were conservatively estimated to be $11 million; costs associated with having too much of the wrong inventory were an additional $10 million. This case was prepared by Professor Arthur Schleifer, Jr. as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright 1992 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to ttp://www. hbsp. harvard. edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means†electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise†without the permission of Harvard Business School. 893-003 L. L. Bean Background In 1912 Leon Leonwood Bean invented the Maine Hunting Shoe (a combination of lightweight leather uppers and rubber bottoms). He obtained a list of nonresident Maine hunting license holders, prepared a descriptive mail-order circular, set up hop in his brothers basement in Freeport, Maine, and started a nationwide mail- order business. The inauguration of the U. S. Post Offices domestic parcel post service in that year provided a means of delivering orders to customers. When L. L. Bean died in 1967, at the age of 94, sales had reached $4. 75 million, his company employed 200 people, and an annual catalog was distributed to a mailing list of 600,000 people. L. L. s Golden Rule had been Sell good merchandise at a reasonable profit, treat your customers like human beings, and theyll always come back for more. When Leon Gorman, L. L. s grandson, succeeded him as president in 1967, he sought to expand and modernize the business without deviating from his grandfathers Golden Rule. By 1991, L. L. Bean, Inc. as a major cataloger, manufacturer, and retailer in the outdoor sporting specialty field: Catalog sales in 1990 were $528 million, with an additional $71 million in sales from the companys 50,000 square-foot retail store in Freeport. Twenty-two different catalogs (often referred to as books by company employees)†114 million pieces in all†were mailed that year. There were six million active customers. The mail-order business had been giving way to tele phone orders after the company installed nationwide 800 service in 1986. By 1991, 80% of all orders came in by telephone. Major direct- mail competitors included Lands End, Eddie Bauer, Talbots, and Orvis. A 1991 Consumer Reports survey on customer satisfaction with mail-order companies found L. L. Bean heading the list for overall satisfaction in every category for which they offered merchandise. In explaining why L. L. Bean had not expanded its retail operations beyond the one store in Freeport, Leon Gorman contrasted the direct- arketing (catalog) and retail businesses. The two approaches require very different kinds of management. Mail-order marketers are very analytic, quantitatively oriented. Retailers have to be creative, promotional, pizzazzy, merchandise-oriented. Its tough to assemble one management team that can handle both functions. 1 Product Lines L. L. Beans product line was classified hierarchically (see Exhibit 1). At the highest level of aggregation were Merchandise Groups: mens and womens accessories, mens and womens apparel, mens and womens footwear, camping equipment, etc. Within each Group were Demand Centers; for instance, womens apparel had as Demand Centers knit shirts, sweaters, pants, skirts, Jackets and pullovers, etc. Each Demand Center was further broken down into Item Sequences; for example, womens sweaters consisted of Midnight Mesa Handknit Cardigans, Indian Point Pullovers, Lambswool Turtlenecks, and about twenty other products. Item Sequences were further broken down into individual items, distinguished primarily by color; it was at this item level that forecasts had to be issued and, ultimately, purchase commitments had to be made. About 6,000 items appeared in one or another of the catalogs that were issued in the course of a year. 1 L. L. Bean, Inc. Corporate Strategy, Harvard Business School Case (581-159), 1981. 21tems were further broken down by size into stock-keeping units, or SWs. This was done by applying standard size-distribution breakdowns. Although an inappropriate distribution could lead to excessive inventory of some sizes and stockouts of others, management concern was directed to the item level, since there was no evidence of a better system than assuming that the distribut ion of demand by size would behave in the uture as it had in the past, and would be indistinguishable from one item to another. Items were also classified into three seasonal categories (spring, fall, and all year), and into two additional categories (new or never out) that described whether the item was a recent or more permanent member of the companys offerings, and consequently characterized the amount of historical demand data available for the item. The Bean Catalogs The major catalogs†spring, summer, fall, and Christmas†each came out in several versions. A full catalog, running from 116 to 152 pages, went to Beans regular ustomers. A smaller prospect catalog was circulated to potential customers; it contained primarily a subset of items from the full catalog. (Bean identified such prospect customers in a variety of ways, for example, through the purchase of mailing lists, or by recording recipients of gifts from other Bean customers. ) In addition, a number of specialty catalogs†Spring Weekend, Summer Camp, Fly Fishing, etc. † presented items that were unique to that catalog, as well as some items found in the major catalogs. There was some overlap in circulation: the best ustomers received almost all the catalogs, and those customers known, through past purchasing behavior, to be interested in various specialties might receive an appropriate specialty catalog in addition to the seasonal full catalogs. Item Forecasting Each catalog had a gestation period of about nine months, and its creation involved merchandising, design, product, and inventory specialists. For example, the initial conceptualization for the Fall, 1991 season began in October, 1990. Preliminary forecasts of total sales for each catalog were made in December. Product managers eveloped preliminary item forecasts by book in the December, 1990 to March, 1991 time frame. Layout and pagination of the books began in January, 1991. Initial commitments to vendors were made in January and February. In the subsequent months, as the catalogs took shape, item forecasts were repeatedly revised and finally frozen by May 1. By early July a black-and-white version of the layout was available internally. At this point, the product managers handed off their product line to the inventory managers. The completed Fall 1991 catalogs were in the hands of customers around August 1 . As the catalog generated demand, inventory managers decided on additional commitments to vendors, scheduled replenishments, handled backorders, etc. This catalog remained active through January, 1992; inventory left over at that time might be liquidated, marked down and sold through special L. L. Bean promotions, or carried over to the next year. Scott Sklar was a buyer for mens shirts. He described the forecasting process as follows: Four or five of us†my inventory buyer, some product people, and I†meet to forecast shirt sales by book. We start by ranking various items in terms of expected ollar sales. Then we actually assign dollars in accordance with the ranking. Theres discussion, arguments, complaints. People invent rules of thumb. I say invent, because there arent any good rules of thumb. We set this up on an Excel spreadsheet. We look at the book forecast and make adjustments accordingly. We look at the total of forecasted shirt sales and check it for reality. Does it feel good? Does it make sense? We do it book by book, item by item, and thats how we get an item level forecast. Of course, when we add a new item, we have to make a Judgment: will this item enerate incremental demand, and if not, from what items is it going to steal demand? And then those items need to be adjusted accordingly. 3 Barbara Hamaluk, a buyer for mens knit shirts, observed that the sum of the item forecasts for a catalog was often at variance with the dollar target for that book. Usually this roll-up comes in on the high side, so you try to reduce forecasts on certain items. Or you can Just say, if were too high by 10%, well Just slash everything across the board by 10%. We really ought to have an intermediate level of forecasts t the Demand Center level, reconcile item forecasts with Demand Center forecasts, and the latter with the book forecast. Production Commitments The typical producti on lead time for most domestic orders was eight to twelve weeks. (Of course, deliveries against a commitment could be scheduled to conform to the anticipated pattern of in-season demand. With some vendors who cooperated with L. L. Beans Quick Response initiative, it was possible, after observing some early- season demand, to place a second order, which would be delivered in sufficient time to meet late-season demand. However, with many domestic and most offshore vendors, lead times were sufficiently long so that it was impractical to place a second commitment order in the course of the season. (In the remainder of this case, then, discussion will be limited to these one-shot commitments. The commitments were generally not equal in size to the forecasts, but were determined in two steps as follows: First, historical forecast errors (expressed as AIF ratios the ratio of actual demand to forecast demand) were computed for each item in the previous year, and the frequency distribution o f these errors was compiled cross items. 3 The frequency distribution of past forecast errors was then used as a probability distribution for the as yet unrealized future forecast errors. For example, if 50% of the forecast errors for new items in the past year had been between 0. and 1. 6, then it would be assumed that with probability 0. 5, the forecast error for any new item in the current year also would fall between 0. 7 and 1. 6. So in such a case, if the frozen forecast for a particular item were 1,000 units, it was then assumed that with probability 0. 5, actual demand for that item would end up being between 700 nd 1,600 units. Next, each items commitment quantity was determined by balancing the individual items contribution margin if demanded against its liquidation cost (or value) if not demanded. Suppose, for example, that an item cost Bean $1 5, would regularly sell for $30, and could be sold at liquidation for $10. The gain for selling a marginal unit would be $30 15 = $15; the loss for failing to sell the marginal unit would be the cost less the liquidation value, i. e. $15 10 = $5. Accordingly, the optimal order size should be the 0. 75 fractile of the items probability distribution of demand. Suppose the 0. 75 fractile of the distribution of forecast errors was 1. 3, and the frozen forecast for that item was for 1,000 units. Then the 0. 75 fractile of the demand distribution would be 1,000 x 1. = 1,300, and Bean would make a commitment for 1,300 units. Rol Fessenden expressed concern that the methodology treated the errors associated with all never out items as equally representative of the forecast errors that might be anticipated for the forecast demand of any never out item (and similarly for new items). mioud think that the error distribution for some of our buyers might be ighter than for other buyers, or that the distribution for womens sweaters might have more dispersion than the distribution for mens footwear, but we cant find any real differences. Also, Im not entirely convinced that we go about estimating contribution margin and liquidation cost correctly. Mark Fasold was worried about the wide dispersion in forecast errors, both for never outs and new items. He was also concerned about the implications of the methodology: If the cost 3This was done separately for new items and for never outs; not surprisingly, the historical error istribution of never outs had less dispersion than that of new items. No other way of segmenting items had revealed significantly different distributions of forecast errors. 4 associated with understocking exceeds the cost of overstocking, which is the usual case here, we end up committing to more than the frozen forecast. And for new items, about which we obviously know very little, the excess over the frozen forecast is even greater than for never outs. The buyers are understandably upset when we commit to more than they forecast; they perceive us as going way out on a limb for new items. Exhibit 1 5

Environmental Analysis in the UAE

Environmental Analysis in the UAE Demographic Environment The UAE has a high number of expatriate labourers currently working in the country. From the national census carried out in 2005, it was indicated that the expatriate labour force accounts for about 78.1% of the population. It was estimated that the male and female population accounted for about 67.6% and 32.4% respectively.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Environmental Analysis in the UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The report suggests that most of the population is located in the Emirates of Dubai and Abu Dhabi. The UAE has one of the highest increase rates of female workers among its workforce in the region. This is creating a huge demand for both essential and luxury commodities (Ministry of Economy UAE, 2005). Economic Environment The UAE runs an open economy, which is soundly anchored on the robust monetary and fiscal policies, a burgeoning yearly surplus, favourable import /export duties, and tax laws. Dubai serves as a business hub. The CIA World Factbook (2008) report states that the UAE attained a GDP of about $192.6 billion and a GDP per capita of $37,300 during the year 2007. The IMF (2007) ranked the UAE as the nation with second highest GDP within the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG) nations. However, just like other gulf states, the prosperity of the UAE is mainly dependent on its oil wealth. Natural Environment The UAE is endowed with vast oil and natural gas resources, which make up the backbone of its economy. Most of the government revenue is obtained from the sale of oil and natural gas. The UAE also has a vast coastline with exquisite beaches that have enhanced its appeal as an international tourist destination. Through encouraging foreign investment, UAE has been able to attract investors who have invested in multibillion hotels along its coastline (Department of Tourism Commerce Marketing UAE, 2006). Technol ogical Environment The oil boom in the UAE changed the technological environment equation. With revenue from the export of oil, the UAE gained access to modern technology and the capacity to make significant changes to their environment. For example, they have reclaimed land from the desert through irrigation using desalinated water to make the soil productive. There is also the extensive use of air conditioning equipment in motor vehicles, homes, and public buildings. This has made it comfortable to live in Dubai, a place where temperatures get as high as 110Â °F (43Â °C) (Cultures of the world, 2008).Advertising Looking for research paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Political Environment Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2008) argue that Dubai ranks among the top quartile positions with regard to government effectiveness and management of corruption, rule of law, and regulatory quality. However, w ith regard to political stability, it is ranked in the second quartile. The UAE’s government is formed by a presidential monarchy. The premiership and the presidency are hereditary to the Al Maktoum and Al Nahyan clans of Dubai and Abu Dhabi Emirates respectively (Business Monitor International, 2006). Cultural Environment The language mostly spoken in the United Arab Emirates is Arabic, which is also the official language. However, in relation to most business transactions, the commonly used language is English. The other regional languages such as Urdu, Hindi, and Persian are also spoken in the UAE. Most of the population subscribes to the Islamic faith. Despite the presence of the Islamic and Arabic cultural influence, western culture is also evident within the UAE. The western culture plays an essential role such that the UAE business practices are closely similar to those exhibited in Great Britain and the United States (Cultures of the world, 2008). References Business Monitor International. (2006). UAE A Regional Leader. Retrieved from: fdi.net/bmi/bmidisplay.cfm?filename=OEMO_20070124_125861_xml.html. CIA World Factbook. (2008). United Arab Emirates. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html. Cultures of the world. (2008). New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. Department of Tourism Commerce Marketing, UAE. (2006). Dubai Business Handbook 2006. Retrieved from: dubaicityguide.com/BUSINESS/business.asp.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Environmental Analysis in the UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More IMF (International Monetary Fund). (2007). World Economic Outlook:Spillovers and Cycles in the Global Economy. Retrieved from: imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/pdf/c2.pdf. Kaufmann D., Kraay, A. Mastruzzi, M. (2008). Governance MattersVII:Governance Indicators for 1996-2007. Retrieved from: http://info.worldbank.org/gover nance/wgi/sc_chart.asp Ministry of Economy UAE. (2005). Preliminary Results of Population, Housing and Establishments Census 2005. Retrieved from: tedad.ae/english/results.pdf.

The Mass - An Obligation Or Joy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Mass - An Obligation Or Joy - Term Paper Example The primary objective of this paper is to establish that the Mass is a feast of joy and not an obligation. This research paper will compare and contrast the Old and New Testament viewpoints of the Mass and illustrate how different parts make the Mass a joyful feast. The paper will also highlight the significance of active participation during progress of the Mass makes it a feast of joy. The concept and process of the Mass are similar in the both the New and Old Testaments, although there are some differences in viewpoints of the Mass between the two Testaments. The New Testament mass comprises of two main parts: the Liturgy of the Word and the Liturgy of the Eucharist2. These major parts are further divided into subsections to make a whole Mass. The standard duration for a Catholic Mass is two or three hours, and two or three Mass services may run on a Sunday. The Mass is a symbol of Jesus’ sacrifice, which makes present the passion of Christ through the priest and joins huma n beings as partakers of His meal. Most people believe that the Mass is an obligation for all Catholics; however, the Mass is a joyful and voluntary activity among the Catholics. The Celebration of the Mass in the Old Testament and Comparisons to the New Testament Concept of the Mass The fundamental nature of the Mass is contingent upon the venue and functions that participants perform. The Mass in the Old Testament was celebrated in Tents and Temples. There existed the Holy of Holies that housed the Ark of the Covenant. The Ark of the Covenant was covered with the Propitiatory or Mercy Seat. The Ark of the Covenant contained the Ten Commandments, Aaron’s staff and the vessel containing Manna. The Holy of Holies also contained the Cherubim, which was a winged creature supporting the throne of God and acting as a guardian Spirit. The Holy of Holies and the Ark of the Covenant were kept in the Temple. Old Testament priests were allowed to access the Tabernacle and the Ark of th e Covenant during feasts and sacrifices. The Ark of the Covenant and the Holy of Holies are similar to the Tabernacle in the New Testament. The Old Testament Temple and Tents of Worship housed the sanctuary. The sanctuary was the Altar of incense, which contained ten candlesticks. The sanctuary also contained the table of loaves, which was also referred to as the bread of the presence. The frankincense that the New Testament priests spray to the congregation during the Mass commemorates the Old Testament incense. The Catholic Church has an altar table from where the priest prepares the Eucharist before distributing it to the congregation3. This table holds the Eucharist bread and the wine that symbolizes the blood of Christ. The candles keep burning on the sanctuary throughout the church service. These candles are similar to the ten candlesticks in the Old Testament. The New Testament, however, burns two candles while the Old Testament used ten candlesticks to represent the Ten Comm andments. The table for the loaves in the Old Testament is similar to the Eucharist table in the New Testament. Another component of the Old Testament Temples was the Vestibule. The Vestibule was the bronze altar of sacrifice. The Vestibule contained the bronze sea of water for purificatio

Community changes Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community changes - Scholarship Essay Example was doing a random selection on people who will be given authorization to make changes in our community, I immediately saw this as an opportunity to make a difference. If I were to propose three things that I would promote to achieve a positive change in my community, it would be: First, to provide for the needs of the community, such as feeding the hungry, giving poor families a comfortable place to live in, impart to them the knowledge and skills for livelihood, educate the uneducated, and to give the elderly proper care and attention. I propose these projects that would satisfy every level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem, & self-actualization, because I believe that when all is gratified, it is when a person would be most productive and motivated, the key to a prosperous society (Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, n.d.). Second, I would want to set a monthly awareness talks and seminars for the community to participate in. Topics of the talks or seminars would involve how to be a socially responsible neighbor & how to be environmental-friendly in one’s community, and at the same time involve activities that will allow households in a certain neighborhood to get to know each other and learn from each other. This is because I believe that a neighborhood’s health affects individual lives (Neighbourhood Effects | Seminars, n.d.). With this said, to be able to enrich the quality of life in a certain community, it is best to instill positive values within them so as to promote cooperation, integrity, friendliness and good will. We all know that a lot of conflicts we now face in society are caused by indifference, selfishness and abuse towards other people. Thus, if I would be able to develop positive values in a small group of society such as the neighborhood, it would definitely help achiev e a peaceful society in the future. Third, I would want to promote a healthy and active lifestyle which would not only benefit the specific

Methods Poets Essay Example for Free

Methods Poets Essay Poets often use their work to express their thoughts, this is what the writers of ‘hour’ and ‘to his coy mistress’ have done to express their thoughts on time and love. In hour the poem is about time and how it is short lived when you are in love, whereas To His Coy Mistress is a poem where the man is trying to convince the woman to sleep with him and exploring the idea of living and enjoying your life whilst you’re young. Within both of these poems, the poets use different types of poetic techniques to show how time can affect the relationship of two lovers. The language used in the two poems is very different but they both show the same prospective of time. In ‘hour’ the language used is very blunt and in ‘to his coy mistress’ the language is more creative and imaginative. This is shown in hour when the poet says, â€Å"time hates love†, whereas in ‘to his coy mistress’ the poet says â€Å"we cannot make our sun stand still†. Both of the poets are trying to say that time is in control and it is very powerful. In ‘hour’ Duffy uses personification and simile; this is shown in, â€Å"love’s time’s beggar†. This suggests to us that time is loves enemy and love is begging time. The word beggar almost makes you feel sorry for love. The poet personifies time as loves enemy. In ‘to his coy mistress’ Marvell uses metaphors. For example, â€Å"Times winged chariot hurrying near†, this suggest to us that death will be near. There are lots of imagery used in the two poems. For example, in ‘hour’ Duffy says, â€Å"but even a single hour bright as a dropped coin, makes love rich†. This suggests to the reader that even one hour with your loved is very precious and should cherish the moment. We also see love being powerful than time for the first time. In â€Å"to his coy mistress† imagery is used in the first section of the poem, when the speaker says â€Å"thou by the Indian Ganges side shouldst rubies find; I by the tide of Humber would complain†. Ganges is thought be to be a sacred place India whereas the Humberside in north of England tend to be boring to Marvell. So this suggests to the reader that He is complimenting her as she is unique to him in a desirable way. She is the only person who fulfils the qualification in his vicinity. The both poets use different form and structure to the poems. In ‘hour’, Duffy only has one type of view which is time is always stopping love. This is followed the whole way through the poem. The first opening says, â€Å"Loves times beggar† and in the last stanza it says â€Å"time hates love â€Å". Duffy uses at the start and at the end to show straight away that time is the enemy of love. By structuring the poem like this, the reader will have the same opinion throughout the poem. Duffy also uses short sentences, â€Å"time slows, for here†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Duffy has added a comma next to â€Å"slows† to show slowness. Some of the sentences in her poem run off, â€Å"summer sky and a grass ditch†, this suggest that she is excited. ‘Hour’ also follows the structure of a Shakespeare sonnet. In ‘to his coy mistress’, Marvell makes his point at the end this is because in the first stanza he talks about what if they had all the time in the world, in the second what would happen if she doesn’t sleep with him. Finally in the third stanza he tells her what she should do. By structuring his poem in that way Marvell shows the lover preparing his argument to his mistress to seize the day and not to hold back. In the first stanza Marvell doesn’t use violent words as he does to the second and third stanzas. Marvell has written the poem in rhyming couplets. Both of the poets show different feelings and attitude. In ‘hour’ the speaker wants a relationship which holds them together and wants nothing else but in ‘to his coy mistress’ the speaker wants a sexual relationship. In ‘hour’ the writer is frustrated with time and love being together. We see this when speaker says, â€Å"time hates love†. It also shows us that the speaker wants a simple kind of love meaning without material possessions, this is shown when the speaker says, â€Å"spend it not on flowers or wine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In ‘to his coy mistress’ he is cynically flattering his mistress in order to get his own way. This is shows when he says, â€Å"two hundred to adore each breast†. The poem also suggests that the speaker wants a violent love this is shown when the poet says, â€Å"and now, like amorous birds of prey, rather at once our time devour†. Overall both poets have the same prospective of time but have different opinions on relationships. In ‘hour’ the speaker doesn’t want to waste time and wants to cherish every moment by being together. On the other hand ‘to his coy mistress’ wants a sexual relationship. So the speaker says that time is running out for them to have sex and that they do not have all the time in the world. Both of the writers say that time will go fast so don’t waste it. We will also feel time going fast when we are having fun or in love, so we should cherish every minute of our life as it will never come back once it is gone.

Stolen :: essays research papers

Jimmy and Ruby are the most obvious victims in Stolen, but all suffer in their different ways. Discuss The most obvious victims in a tragedy like the Stolen generation are those in whom the pain and suffering endured is visible to all. Jane Harrison’s ‘Stolen’ presents Ruby and Jimmy as the most obvious victims but not necessarily the greatest, as may be naively assumed. The remaining characters, Anne, Shirley and Sandy all suffer huge depths of despair, yet their suffering appears to lessen to some degree in the eyes of the viewer/reader due to their hope, determination and stability which in some ways assist them in attempting to resolve their problems and become reunited with their loved ones. The physical and sexual abuse experienced by Ruby and Jimmy is horrifying and obviously very visible to others. The loss that Ruby and Jimmy suffered was a loss of dignity and to the extent that they were both unable to keep fighting â€Å"I just can’t [fight] no more† or hold on to any hope of reuniting with their families because their pain was too great â€Å"they stuck a knife into me heart† The children were deceived with the hopes of being cared for â€Å"matron said they’re gunna take one of us home† and when they understood the truth they were disheartened and lost in silence â€Å" I promised not to tell† Jimmy and Ruby both led very tragic lives by the closing scene of the play, implying that perhaps they are the greatest sufferers because of their obvious pain. Jimmy the playful young boy has had his heart ripped apart by the hope â€Å"I’m finally gunna meet my mother† of finally reconnecting with his mum and the despair of her death, and takes his own life as a melancholy eccentric prison inmate â€Å"I’m going now, to be with my mother† Unlike Jimmy, Ruby has the chance to be with her family again, â€Å" Sis, we’ve come to take you home† but her mental and emotional state is beyond repair after the damage done to her, â€Å" don’t live in no home anymore† In â€Å"Ruby’s family come to visit† it appears Ruby is inevitably set to live a lonely and disjointed life†¦if she continues to even have the strength or will to live. A victim of loss, like Ruby, Shirley speaks on behalf of both children and mothers who have lost the family because of the ‘welfare’ system.

Ethics: an Overview

Human Resource Management Summer 2009 Session B To Lie or No to Lie 1) Polygraph testing began in the early 20th century. The first celebrated case using a polygraph test was the Lindberg baby kidnapping. Polygraph tests a popular among the branches of law enforcement (FBI, CIA and Homeland Security). There are distinct advantages and disadvantages to utilizing polygraph tests in the workplace. The advantages to using a polygraph test in the workplace are that the test allows the individual(s) in question to give â€Å"their side of the story. It protects the organization from being discriminatory towards and particular group or faith. It shows employees that the organization is willing to go to great lengths to find out what has occurred. This type of action should be recorded into the employee manual to protect against any future issues. The disadvantages to polygraph testing are that employees may see the test as an infringement of their rights. The employee may refuse to take th e test, especially if it is not part of company policy. The testing could be manipulated to reflect a desired outcome. The testing is not admissible as evidence on a court of law in most states. 2) Drug testing at Team Fun is not legal in most of the United States. Before proceeding with any type of drug testing, especially any random drug testing, it is highly recommended that the organization consult with the state Department of Labor to confirm the guidelines with regard to company drug testing. The company should consider is this to be pre employment or post employment drug testing. Most drug testing is done pre employment. Policies that should be instituted around random post employment drug testing are employees (supervisory and staff) are to have educational programs about the drug testing, the drugs being tested and the event of having a positive result of a test (supervisory level education). The company should not or cannot terminate the post-employment employee for failing random drug test. This could result in litigation against the organization. In the event of a positive drug test, the company is to recommend or provide counseling or rehabilitation for the employee found to be an addict to one of the drugs in the screening process. ) In the case of a pre employee submitting to a random drug test the following steps are to be taken. 1) The employee filled out the appropriate applications and paperwork, the employee is to proceed to the outside vendor for completion of the drug test. Once the results are received. 2) The next phase of the employee hiring process takes place. In the case of a pos t hired employee submitting to a random drug test the following steps are to be taken. 1) The employee is to report to an offsite third – party vendor to complete the drug screening (this can be by blood, by urine or by saliva). ) Once the resulted are founded and if the findings are negative, employee is free to resume his/her duties for the organization. If the results are found to be positive, the HRM department begins to take steps to give the employee the best care possible and the best references within the scope of their influence. 4) The organizational issues that are relevant to this discussion are the mission of the organization, the lack of discipline within the organization, the lack of written and enforced policy of the organization as well. The leadership wanted to institute an organization of levity, of positivity and of fulfillment for its employees. This all well and good, a company must establish guidelines for its employees to function to the best of their abilities and to feel that sense of â€Å"fun† within those constraints. Having no disciplinary policies put this organization at risk for litigation from disgruntled employees and for any issues of thievery, disrespect and absences. You can have a positive and fun environment, as long as all parties understand the rules of the game and how to play the game.

Analysis On The Bank Performance Of Nigerian Banks - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4387 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The provisional title of this research project work is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Consolidation and bank performance; an analysis of Nigerian banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The choice of this topic emanates from the fact that the magnitude of banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ inability to meet up their obligation in the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s banking industry has became an issue of concern to both the government, regulatory authorities, the banks as well as the general public. There is therefore need to ensure that the withdrawal need of customers, the shareholders smooth return objective as well as the banking need for the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic growth is met. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis On The Bank Performance Of Nigerian Banks" essay for you Create order It is against this background that this research project work is being proposed. The provisional title of this research project is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Consolidation and bank performance; analysis of Nigerian Banks 2004 to 2006à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The choice of this topic emanates from the fact that the current credit crisis and the transatlantic mortgage financial turmoil have questioned the effectiveness of bank consolidation programme as a remedy for financial stability and monetary policy in correcting the defects in the financial sector for sustainable development. Many banks consolidation had taken place in Europe, America and Asia in the last two decades without any solutions in sight to bank failures and crisis. The paper attempts to examine the performances of government induced banks consolidation and macro-economic performance in Nigeria in pre-consolidation and post-consolidation period. The paper analyses published audited accounts of two (2) out of twenty-five (25) banks that emerged from the consolidation exercise and data from the Central Banks of Nigeria (CBN). We denote year 2004 as the pre-consolidation and 2005 and 2006 as post-consolidation periods for our analysis. In doing this, efforts would be made to examine empirically how bank consolidation through recapitalization has affected the performance of Nigerian banks during the period covered by the research. The data for the work are from secondary sources and would be obtained exclusively from the Central Bank of Nigeria and bank publications, both electronic and paper form. CAMEL analysis will be employed to analyse the financial data so as to ascertain the relationship between consolidation and bank performance. The CAMEL analysis is chosen because of its optimal properties, simple computational procedures and is suitable for an empirical work such as the present research project work. Against the findings that would emerge from the intended empirical investigation of this work, appropriate recommendations that are likely to better enhance the effectiveness of banking sector reforms in Nigeria thereby restoring confidence in the system. CHAPTER 1 1.1 Introduction The Nigerian banking sector over the past 20 to 25 years has experienced boom and bust in a cyclical pattern. After the implementation of the structural adjustment program (SAP) in 1986 and the deregulation of the financial sector, new banks proliferated, mainly driven by attractive arbitrage opportunities in the foreign exchange market (Heiko 2007). Prior to the deregulated period, financial intermediation never took off and even declined in 1980s and 1990s (Capirio and Kligbiel 2003). The sector was highly oligopolistic with remarkable features of market concentration and leadership. Lemo (2005) noted that there are ten Nigerian banks that control more than 50% of the aggregate assets of the banking sector; more than 51% of the aggregate deposit liabilities and more than 45% of the aggregate credits. The sector was characterized by small sized banks with high overheads; low capital base averaging less than $10million; heavy reliance on government patronage and loss making. Nigeriaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s banking sector was still characterized by a high degree of fragmentation and low levels of financial intermediation up until 2004. In the light of the foregoing, banks are compelled by the Central Bank of Nigeria to raise their capital base from N2 billion to 25 billion on or before 31st December, 2005. Most banks resorted to mergers and acquisition as a survival strategy, which saw a reduction in the number of banks from 89 to 25. This study contributes to the concept of bank recapitalization by critically examining the impact of bank consolidation on the performance of banks using a sample of randomly selected Nigerian banks. It is the intention of the researcher to give more validity to empirical evidence that have been obtained by previous researchers on the subject matter. Relevance of the study The earliest set of studies evaluates the effects of bank consolidation through mergers and acquisitions comparing pre- and post- merger performance by measuring performance using either accounting or productive efficiency indicators.The results from both indicators have varied and at sometimes been contradictory. This can be explained by performance-influencing variables like size, brand name, diversification and cost reduction, there is still no reconciliation between these indicators. I intend to contribute to the determinants of bank performance by evaluating the possible performance impact of bank consolidation on banks. Consolidation is the key to improving the performance of banks with low capital base, without which they are bound to fail. 1.3 Background of study Aside being the highest contributor to the market capitalization of the Nigerian stock exchange and smooth and stable income provision to money and capital market, banking industry is capable of attracting potential investor which is a source of every economic development. Financial institutions generally, and banking sector in particular play a crucial role in the development process of mobilizing fund from the surplus sector of the economy to the deficit sectors of the economy. Banks help in increasing the quantum of national savings and investment. Consequently, the volume of goods and services produced in the economy increases overtime through the multiplier effect. Banks enhance stable and smooth income to attract potential investors in line with Modigliani and Miller (1958) theory that investors generally have preference for smooth and stable income. According to sloan and Arlond (1970) consolidation is a fusion of the assets and liabilities, in whole or in part of two or more business establishment. Consolidation represents the idea of investment and the coming together of firms; it can also mean larger sizes, larger shareholder bases and larger number of depositors. According to Adamu (2005) bank or corporate consolidation could be achieved by way of mergers/acquisition and recapitalization. It is more than mere shrinking of number of banks in any banking industry. According to Hall (1999) consolidation is a global phenomenon, which started in the advanced economies of the world. For example, the enactment of Riegle-Neal Act, which allows interstate branch banking beginning from 1997 this led to increase in bank mergers in the USA (Akhavin et al and kwan 2004). Consolidation allow a mega bank to enjoy higher profit, increase revenue and low problem loans. Japanese banking industry also experienced consolidation in the 1990s which resulted to economies of scale (Fukuyama, 1993; Mckillop et al 1996). When banks go bust, their capital base is called to question. Cases of bank failures have motivated researchers to investigate the activities of banks in relation to performance in terms of returns. A view is that consolidation has increased the capital base and size of Nigerian banks but does not necessarily bring about higher performance. Criteria Selecting Nigeria Study Consolidation is a term used by the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) to describe the coming together of some banks within the country to become one bank and be able to meet CBNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requirement for capitalization to a minimum of N25billion. When this happens, it is expected to improve services rendered by the banks. In July 6, 2004, a day now referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“black Tuesday in banking sector of the economy, the CBN Governor, professor Charles Soludo made an obviously unexpected policy pronouncement. The highlight was the increment of the earlier N2billion to N25 billion, with full compliance deadline fixed for the end of the year 2005. In a bid for banks to meet up with the new requirement, some Banks are exploring the option of inviting foreign investors to buy into Banks. Others are looking at the possibility of getting investors to shore up their capital, and some are looking at the capital market option, while others are considering mergers and acquisition. If the process of consolidation is properly implemented the ongoing consolidation of banks in the country will surely improve the banking sector in Nigeria and translate to better banking services and cheap funds.   More importantly, the public will not have fear of distress in any bank, since the consolidated bank will have enough funds. The need to understand the impact of bank consolidation on Nigerian banks either negative or positive necessitated the use of Nigerian banks as sample for this study. 1.5 Aim To analyze the effect of consolidation on the performance of Nigerian Banks 1.6 Objectives To examine the consolidation process of Nigerian banks. To Asses the performance of Nigerian banks before and after consolidation. To evaluate the impact of consolidation on Nigerian banks. CHAPTER 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This chapter attempts to gain an in-depth view into what is already known in connection with the research topic being studied. It therefore brings to light the different theoretical and methodological approach to the research area, helps develop a practical analytical framework, considers inclusion of variables that may not have been thought about from the inception of the research work and in the long run learning can be gained from mistakes of previous researchers and avoidance of such mistakes would be achieved (Bryman Bell, 2003). The scope of the research is narrowed down through successful study of literature review that was continuous all through the research process. Further, the review of literature will incorporate a wide range of materials sourced from journal articles, corporate websites, government websites, multilateral organisations, text books and online databases which include: Wiley, Science Direct, Emerald and Business Source Premier. Reforms are predicated upon the need for reorientation and repositioning of an existing status quo in order to attain an effective and efficient state. There could be fundamental bottle-neck that may inhibit the functioning of the institutions for growth and the achievement of core objectives in the drive towards enhancing and sustaining the economic and social imperatives of human endeavor. Carried out through either government institutions or private enterprises, reform becomes inevitable in the light of the global dynamic exigencies and emerging landscape. Consequently, the banking sector, as an important sector in the financial landscape, needs to be reformed in order to enhance its competitiveness and capacity to play a fundamental role of financing investment. Many literature indicates that banking sector reforms are propelled by the need to deepen the financial sector and reposition for growth, to become integrated into the global financial architecture; and involve a banking sector that is consulting with regional integration requirements and international best practices. The nexus between consolidation and financial sector stability and growth is explained by two polar views. Proponents of consolidation opined that increase size could potentially increase bank returns, through revenue and cost efficiency gains. It may also, reduce industry risks through the eliminations of weak banks and create better diversification opportunities. On the other hand, it is argued that consolidation could increase banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ propensity towards risk taking through increases in leverage and off-balance sheet operations. Advocates Furlong (1994) stated that an early view of consolidation in banking was that it makes banking more cost efficient because larger banks can eliminate excess capacity in areas like data processing, marketing, or overlapping branch networks. Cost efficiency also could increase if more efficient banks acquired less efficient ones. Though studies on efficiency in banking raised doubts about the extent of overcapacity, they did point to considerable potential for improvement in cost efficiency through mergers. Banking reforms involves several elements that are unique to each country based on historical economic and institutional imperatives, for example, in Hungary. Evidence show that the reform in the banking sector was due to high under-capitalization of state owned banks, weakness in the regulation and supervision and deficiencies in corporate governance behavior of banks. Craig and Hardee (2004) conducted investigation on bank consolidation and concluded that as the banking consolidation continues, relationship lending is becoming increasingly rare. As credit scoring and formal, formulaic methods are used more and more, specifically by the large banks, many small businesses may find out that they do not fit the model, especially those enterprises with negative equity. Thus, small businesses may be filling the financing void that is being created by the bank consolidation with non-bank sources of funds. Hughes and Mester (1997) provide evidence to suggest that there are scale economics in banking, bank managers are risk averse, and banks use the level of their financial capital to signal the level of risk. This is an area of interest in Nigerian banking, especially when the return on equity is calculated in another two to three years and then compared with the historical industry average. Rhoades(1996) reported that American banks consolidated in response to the removal of restriction on bank branching across states, while Hughes, J.P; W. Lang; L.J. Mester; C.G. Moon(1998) concluded that the economic benefits of consolidation are strongest for those banks that engaged in interested expansion, and in particular the expansion that diversifies macroeconomic risk. From the literature, it has been observed that well-spaced and implemented financial reforms have the ability to boost financial development indicators. Detractors Hughes J.P; Mester, L.J; and Moon, C.G (2000) also provide evidence that scale economies exist in banking but they fail to account for risk. Thus, scale economies that result from consolidation and diversification do not produce better performance in banking, unless choice makes the bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s management more conscious risk and moderates its decisions and actions appropriate larger scale of operation that leads to diversification only reduce liquidity and credit risk under the ceteris bus assumption, and they argued that this is not always the case. The examination of merger and acquisition in European banking and found that industry consolidation was beneficial (by providing social benefits) in the first economic integration stages, but could damage welfare in the more advanced stages as the few big banks safeguard price agreements to forestall foreign competition. The other side to European mergers and acquisitions was because of the possibility of failure. This, of course, ignores the fact that no bank can ever be too big to fail. All it takes for a bank to fail is for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bad newsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? about a bank to get to its stakeholders (especially depositors) and they all walk in at the same time to take their funds! For such bank to survive, it must have sufficient liquid assets to meet all maturing and long-dated obligations (Igangiya, 2006). 2.2 Role of banks In the Economy Banks have an important role to play in an economy, as they are intermediaries between people with shortages and surpluses of capital. The products they offer will include savings, lending, investment, mediation and advice, payments, ownership, guarantee and, trust of real estate. (Bouma et al, 2001). This aspect is critical to this research study as the role of banks in any economy cannot be undermined therefore, the need to explore the effectiveness of their actions and how this ultimately affects the economy. The macroeconomic environment within which firms exist and, operate has an impact upon their activities and governments and other agencies operating at different spatial levels and it can shape behavior and their environment. (Worthington et al, 2001). According to Bouma et al, (2001), as a financial intermediary between market players, a bank has four important functions: First it transforms money by scale. The money surpluses of one person are mostly not the same as the shortages of another person. Banks transform money by duration. Creditors may have short-term surpluses of money, while debtors mostly have a long-term need for money. Banks transform money by spatial location (place). Finally, banks act as assessors of risk. As a rule, banks are better equipped to value the risks of various investments than individual investors who have surpluses available. Also, through their larger scale, banks are more able to spread risks. The major objectives of the banking system are to ensure price stability and facilitate rapid economic development; regrettably, these objectives are still yet to be realised in Nigeria as a result of some infrastructural deficiencies such as basic power, energy, and transportation. Also, the lack of a workable contingency planning framework which provides detailed policy actions to limit crises. The reforms of the banking industry will have an influence on the functions, as it ultimately shapes the way they handle their operations. The reform of recapitalisation and consolidation could mean a larger platform for banks to better carry out their tasks. This literature review takes a look at commercial banks in Nigeria when faced with the reformation of the banking industry, core competences needed by the banks to be successful and the effect on the macroeconomic indicators of the country. 2.3 The concept of capital base The recent call for recapitalization in the banking industry has raised much argument among the bank regulators, promoters and depositors as if shoring up of banks capital base is a new phenomenon in Nigeria. Historically, the failure of pioneer 1930s and 1940s brought about the enactment of banking ordinance of 1952. Banking ordinance of 1952 prescribed an operating license and emphasized on minimum equity capital for all banks (Omoh, 2007). Since then, raising of bank capital has become the hallmark response policy of the Nigerian monetary authorities. Capitalization is an important component of reforms in the banking industry, owing to the fact that a bank with a strong capital base has the ability to absorb losses arising from non-performing liabilities (NPL). Attaining capitalization requirement is achieved through consolidation, convergence as well as the capital market. Thus, banking reforms are primarily driven by the need to achieve the objectives of consolidation, competition and convergence. (Deccan Herald,2004), in the financial architecture. 2.4 The Concept of Bank Consolidation Consolidation is viewed as the reduction in the number of banks and other deposit taking institution with a simultaneous increase in the size and concentration of the consolidation entities in the sector (BIS, 2001:2). It is mostly motivated by technology innovation, deregulation of financial services, enhancing intermediation and increased emphasis on shareholder value, privatization and international competition (Berger et al, 1991). The process of consolidation has been argued to enhance bank efficiency through cost reduction and revenue in the long run. It also reduces industrys risk by eliminating weaker banks and acquiring the smaller ones by bigger and stronger banks as well as creates opportunities for greater diversification and financial intermediation. The pattern of banking system consolidation could be viewed in two different perspectives, namely; market-driven and government-led consolidation. The market-driven consolidation which is more pronounced in the developed countries sees consolidation as a way of broadening competitiveness with added comparative advantage in the global context and eliminating excess capacity more efficiently than bankruptcy or other means of exit. On the other hand, government-led consolidation stems from the need to resolve problem of financial distress in order to avoid systematic crises as well as to restrict inefficient banks (Ajayi, 2005). One of the general effects of consolidation is to the reduction in the number of players, moving the industry more toward an oligopolistic market (Adedipe, 2007). 2.5 Prospect of Bank consolidation In Nigeria The initial public offering by banks through the capital market when completed is likely to increase the level of financial deepening as evidenced in the upsurge in the volume and value of trading in stock market. The reform in the banking industry has been able to attract more foreign investment inflow, especially in the area of portfolio investment; this development if sustained will boost the level of economic activity especially toward non oil sector. The consolidation of banks is likely to attract a significant level of foreign banks entrance into Nigeria which will become a feature in the industry over time. This will bring about more confidence by the international community of the banking sector thereby attracting more foreign investment into the country. As the level of financial intermediation increase, interest rate is likely to fall and increase lending to the real sector that will generate employment and booster growth. 2.6 The Process of Bank consolidation In Nigeria Before any bank can be said to consolidate through merger and acquisition in the Nigeria industry, it must first seek and obtain the approval of the following regulatory and supervisory authorities in the industry. They include the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) (CBN, 2004). Chapter 3: Research Methodology Introduction This chapter sets out the method employed in conducting the research. The choice of method was made based on the nature of the research problem. The purpose of this research is to discover, if any, the impact of bank consolidation on bank performance. Effort would be made to ensure that the methodology and conceptual framework adopted in the research are as relevant to the findings as the concepts and theories of the study. This is because the validity and reliability of conclusions are largely influenced by the research process itself. 3.2 Research Design This study is a causal or explanatory analysis since it seeks answers to questions related to the causes and determinants of bank performance. The research adopts a deductive approach. It outlines theories of director relationship to firm performance and draws hypothesis from them. These hypotheses are then tested using empirical social data to either confirm or reject the contentions. 3.3 Quantitative Versus Qualitative Data A clear distinction must be emphasized between quantitative and qualitative data. The former is concerned with the compilation of the results of research in a standardised mathematical form with the analysis conducted by means of statistics. (Saunders et al, 2003, p.378). Here variables are measured on a selection of scales and can then be arranged in order of arithmetical rigour. Conversely qualitative research is subjective in its approach of examining and reflecting on perceptions of understanding social and human activities (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). Qualitative research is inductive and researchers rarely know the specifics of data analysis when they begin a project (Neuman, 2006). It is concerned with the assemblage of data in a non-standardised, descriptive form, with the examination conducted through the use of theoretical models. 3.4 Data Type Raw or summarized data which has already been collected and stored for other purposes aside from that of the research in question is referred to as secondary data (Saunders et al, 2007). This research will make use of multiple-source secondary data collected from bank financial reports and CBN statistical publications available on the CBN, Guaranty trust and zenith banks websites, some paper source of data will also be used. The data/study will be restricted between the period of 2004 and 2006. The year 2004 is the pre-consolidation, 2005 consolidation while 2006 is the post-consolidation periods. The choice of data type is based on accessibility, cost saving and authenticity factors. Sample Selection The representative sample of the Nigerian banking sector to be used as a sample of the population under study is Guaranty Trust Bank PLC and Zenith Bank PLC. CAMEL ANALYSIS CAMEL is derived from the five components of a bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s condition which include Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management, Earnings, and Liquidity. Ratings are assigned for each component, and a composite rating is assigned for the overall condition and performance of the bank. These component and composite ratings are assigned on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 representing the highest rating (strongest performance) and 5 representing the lowest (weakest performance) (Hirtle and Lopez, 1999). The camel analysis will be used to analyse the performance of banks during the pre-consolidation (2004) and the post-consolidation (2006) periods. Limitation The major difficulty that is likely to be encountered during the course of carrying out this research is the dearth of information, which is usually associated with emerging economies (including the Nigerian economy). Deliberate efforts would therefore be made to obtain information necessary to enhance the quality of the present research. 4.0 CONCLUSION In summary, the research tries to establish that bank consolidation helps in shoring up investment capital, enhances shareholder value, and protects creditors and depositors as well as strengthening banks capacities to attract funds at lower costs enhancing their liquidity positions. An efficient banking system tends to be one of the greatest focuses of the Central Bank of Nigeria since its establishment in 1959. Thus, sufficient capital base has largely constituted the Bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reform policy focus over the years. Hence, it may not be out of place to conclude at this material time that the ongoing reform policy is essential for the attainment of overall macroeconomic stability on a sustainable basis. Accordingly, the Central Bank of Nigeria is admonished to intensify its present efforts geared towards restoration of confidence in the banking system. The research work analyses published audited accounts of two (2) out of twenty-five (25) banks that emerged from the consolidation exercise and data from the Central Banks of Nigeria (CBN). We denote year 2004 as the pre-consolidation and 2005 and 2006 as post-consolidation periods for our analysis. In doing this, efforts would be made to examine empirically how bank consolidation through recapitalization has affected the performance of Nigerian banks during the period covered by the research. The data for the work are from secondary sources and would be obtained exclusively from the Central Bank of Nigeria and bank publications, both electronic and paper form. CAMEL analysis will be employed to analyse the financial data so as to ascertain the relationship between consolidation and bank performance BIBLIOGRAPHY Bernerd, B.P., (2006), The effect of recent changes in the financial sector development in Nigerian, Paper presented at the 15th General Assembly of the African rural and agricultural credit association (AFRACA), Bukina Faso. CBN., (2004), Guidelines and Incentive on Consolidation in consolidating Banking Industry. Charles, C.S. (2004) Consolidating the Nigerian Banking Industry to Meet the Developmental challenges of the 21st century. Paper presented at a meeting of bankers committee Abuja 6 July 2004. Larry, U; et al., (2004) Issues in Financial Institutions Surveillance in Nigeria. A seminar paper by CBN training centre Lagos. Eshodaghor, D.V., (2006), Impact of distressed banks in depressed Economy, Prospects for survival and growth. Bank failure in Nigeria, causes and dimension pp. 17 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 22. Ezeudusi, F. U., (2002) Marcus, G., (2003), An approach to the consolidation of Banks Merger Issues by regulators., A south African case business paper (4), NDIC Annual Report and Statement of Account . Oviemuno, A.O., (2006) Banking Consolidation in Nigeria and the strategies for Generating better returns. Ogunleye G.A. (2003) The regulatory imperatives of the Universal Banking concept in Nigerian NDIC quarterly, (11) No. (2), pp.20-30 Ochojele, D. I., (2003) The Nigerian banking industry, a review seminar paper. Osaije, E., (1992), Structural adjustment programme in Nigerian economy Victor, Ezeaku., (2003), Consolidation of Nigerian Banking Sector, CBN publication.